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July 22, 2023

Breast Cancer – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the breast. It is characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, forming a tumour that can be felt as a lump in the breast or detected through imaging tests. Early detection and timely treatment are crucial for better outcomes, and standard treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Australian women [1]. According to Australian Breast Cancer Research, 55 women are diagnosed with this condition daily [2]. Most cases are diagnosed in women between the ages of 40-69 [3]. While this is more common in women, men can also be diagnosed with breast cancer at a lower rate.

At 24-7MedCare, we provide accessible healthcare services, including virtual consultations, to assist individuals with glaucoma in managing their condition. Our experienced GPs can offer guidance, diagnosis and treatment options within the convenience of your own home.

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What is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the breast. It typically begins in the milk ducts or lobules responsible for producing and carrying milk. The cancer cells can form a tumour that may be felt as a lump or seen on imaging tests like mammograms. If left untreated, breast cancer can spread to other body parts. Early detection through regular screenings and awareness is crucial for effective treatment and improved outcomes.

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Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Below are some common signs and symptoms of breast cancer [4]. Remember, it’s essential to be aware of these symptoms, but having one or more doesn’t necessarily mean a person has breast cancer. However, it’s always crucial to consult a healthcare professional if any concerning changes or symptoms are noticed.

A new lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area
Changes in breast size or shape (e.g. swelling, shrinkage, asymmetry, etc.)
Changes in the nipple (e.g. redness, discharge other than milk, nipples turning inwards, etc.)
Skin abnormalities (e.g. dimpling, puckering, changes in texture, etc.)
Breast pain

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Causes of Breast Cancer

Causes of cancer are generally multifactorial, which means multiple factors could be involved [5]. While these factors can increase the risk of developing breast cancer, many individuals who develop it do not have any of these known risk factors. Regular screenings, self-examinations, and awareness of changes in the breast are crucial for early detection and treatment.

Genetic factors

Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 [6], can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. However, it’s important to note that only a small percentage of breast cancers are caused by these genetic mutations.

Hormonal factors

Hormones play a role in breast cancer development. Increased exposure to estrogen over a person’s lifetime can increase the risk. Factors that can contribute to higher estrogen levels include:

Early menstruation (before age 12).
Late menopause (after age 55).
Taking hormonal medications like some types of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy.

Age and gender

As people get older, their risk of developing breast cancer increases. Breast cancer is much more common in women than men, although men can also develop the disease.

Personal and family history

A personal history of breast cancer or certain non-cancerous breast conditions can increase the risk. Additionally, a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, especially in close relatives like a mother, sister, or daughter, can also raise the risk.

Lifestyle factors

Certain lifestyle choices can impact the risk of breast cancer. These include excessive alcohol consumption, a sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity, obesity, and smoking.

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Breast Cancer Tests and Diagnosis

Testing and diagnosis for breast cancer are crucial because early detection allows for timely treatment, resulting in better outcomes and increased chances of survival. It enables healthcare professionals to identify the presence of cancer, determine its stage and characteristics, and develop personalised treatment plans for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer. Common assessments and tests include:

Regular breast screening

Women between 50 and 74 are encouraged to have a mammogram every two years through the national breast cancer screening program [7]. Mammograms are X-ray images of the breast that can detect abnormalities before they are felt or cause symptoms.

Breast examination

Healthcare professionals may perform a clinical breast examination during routine check-ups or if a person notices any breast changes. The healthcare professional examines the breasts and underarms for lumps or other abnormalities during this examination.

Imaging Investigations

Further diagnostic imaging may be recommended if a mammogram detects an abnormality or if there are concerning signs or symptoms. This can include additional mammograms from different angles, breast ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain more detailed information about the breast tissue.

Biopsy

A biopsy may be performed if an imaging test suggests a potential cancerous growth. A biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample from the suspicious area for laboratory analysis. This helps determine if the cells are cancerous or benign.

Multidisciplinary team approach

A team of healthcare professionals, including radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, and oncologists, often work together to review the test results, make an accurate diagnosis, and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

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Breast Cancer Treatment

Treatment plans may vary depending on factors such as the cancer stage, tumour characteristics, and individual health considerations. Treatment decisions are made in consultation with the healthcare team and the treated individual [8].

Surgery

The primary treatment for breast cancer is often surgery, which involves removing the tumour and nearby tissue. Common surgical options include lumpectomy (removal of the tumour and a margin of healthy tissue) or mastectomy (removal of the entire breast). Lymph node removal may also be performed to determine if the cancer has spread.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy may be recommended to destroy cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. This treatment involves sending radiation to the breast area.

Other Therapies

Other therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy, treat cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. Hormone therapy blocks hormones that fuel cancer growth and targeted therapy targets specific genes or proteins in cancer cells. Additional therapy after primary treatment (surgery or radiation) can lower the risk of cancer recurrence.

Multidisciplinary approach

Breast cancer treatment often involves a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including surgeons, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other specialists, who develop a personalised treatment plan based on the individual’s specific diagnosis and needs.

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Complications of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer can lead to complications such as metastasis, lymphedema, surgical complications, therapy side effects, emotional and psychological effects, and hormonal imbalances. These complications can vary in severity and impact on an individual’s well-being.

Metastasis

Breast cancer can spread to other body parts, such as the bones, liver, lungs, or brain. This can lead to various complications depending on the affected organs, including pain, fractures, difficulty breathing, or neurological symptoms.

Lymphoedema

Surgery or radiation therapy for breast cancer can disrupt the normal flow of lymphatic fluid, leading to lymphedema. This condition causes swelling, discomfort, and limited range of motion in the affected arm.

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Surgical complications

Breast cancer surgeries, such as mastectomy (removal of the breast) or lumpectomy (removal of the tumour), can have potential complications like bleeding, infection, seroma (fluid accumulation), or wound healing problems.

Radiation therapy side effects

Radiation therapy is often used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells. However, it can cause side effects such as fatigue, skin changes (redness, dryness, or peeling), and, in rare cases, damage to the heart or lungs.

Chemotherapy side effects

Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that targets cancer cells throughout the body. It can cause various side effects, including hair loss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, increased risk of infection, and changes in blood cell counts.

Emotional and psychological effects

Breast cancer can have a significant impact on a person’s emotional well-being. The diagnosis, treatment, and fear of recurrence can lead to anxiety, depression, or emotional distress.

Hormonal imbalances

Certain types of breast cancer are hormone receptor-positive, which means they depend on hormones like estrogen or progesterone to grow. Hormonal therapies to treat these cancers can cause menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, or bone loss.

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Receiving quality care from highly experienced doctors is essential for a prompt diagnosis and receiving the correct medical treatment. With 24-7 MedCare, you can experience telemedicine from the convenience of your own home. Our friendly online doctors will be available 24/7 for a consultation, anytime and anywhere in Australia.

To make a telehealth appointment booking, simply click on the button below.
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